Characteristics of Computers Evolution of Computers Computer Generations First Generation (1942-1955) Second Generation (1955-1964) Third Generation (1964-1975) Fourth Generation (1975-1989) Fifth Generation (1989-Present) BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Input Unit Output Unit Storage Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) The System Concept BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LOGIC CIRCUITS ... Boolean Algebra Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra Postulates of Boolean Algebra The Principle of Duality Theorems of Boolean Algebra Boolean Functions Minimization of Boolean Functions Complement of a Function Canonical Forms of Boolean Functions Conversion Between Canonical Forms Logic Gates AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate Logic Circuits Converting Expressions to Logic Circuits The Universal NAND Gate The Universal NOR Gate Exclusive-OR and Equivalence Functions Design of Combinational Circuits Design of Half-Adder Design of Full-Adder A Parallel Binary Adder PROCESSOR AND MEMORY Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Instruction Set Registers Processor Speed Types of Processors Main Memory Storage Evaluation Criteria Main Memory Organization Main Memory Capacity Types of Memory Chips Cache Memory NUMBER SYSTEMS Non-Positional Number Systems Positional Number Systems Binary Number System Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System Converting from One Number System to Another Converting from Another Base to Decimal Converting from Decimal to Another Base (Division-Remainder Technique) Converting from a Base Other Than 10 to Another Base Other Than 10 Shortcut Method for Binary to Octal Conversion Shortcut Method for Octal to Binary Conversion Shortcut Method for Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Shortcut Method for Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion Fractional Numbers COMPUTER CODES BCD Code EBCDIC Zoned and Packed Decimal Numbers ASCII Unicode Need for Unicode? Unicode Features Unicode Encoding Forms Collating Sequence COMPUTER ARITHMETIC Why Binary? Binary Arithmetic Binary Addition Binary Subtraction Binary Multiplication Binary Division Why Do Computers Use Additive Method?SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES Sequential and Direct-Access Devices Magnetic Tapes Basic Principles of Operation Types of Magnetic Tapes Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Tap Uses of Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks Basic Principles of Operation Types of Magnetic Disks Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Disk Uses of Magnetic Disks Optical Disks Basic Principles of Operation Types of Optical Disks Advantages and Limitations of Optical Disks Uses of Optical Disks Memory Storage Devices Flash Drive (Pen Drive) Memory Card (SD/ MMC) Mass Storage Devices Disk Array Automated Tape Library CD-ROM Jukebox Access Time Data Backup What is Data Backup? Why Backup Data? Types of Backup Backup Poll-li On-line, Neare, and Off-line Storage Hierarchical Storage System (HSS) INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES Input Devices Keyboard Devices Point-and-Draw Devices Data Scanning Devices Digitizer Electronic-card Reader Speech Recognition Devices Vision-Input System Output Devices Monitors Printers Plotters . Screen Image Projector Voice Response Systems COMPUTER SOFTWARE What is Software? Relationship between Hardware and Software Types of Software System Software Application Software Logical System Architecture Firmware Middleware Acquiring Software Buying Pre-written Software Ordering Customized Software Developing Customized Software Downloading Public-domain Software Software development Life cycle (SDLC) Software Engineering What is Software Engineering? Need for Software Engineering Goals of Software Engineering Principles of Software Engineering CASE Tools PLANNING THE COMPUTER PROGRAM Purpose of Program Planning Algorithm What is an Algorithm? Sample Algorithms Representation of Algorithms Flowcharts What is a Flowchart? Why Use Flowcharts? Flowchart Symbols Sample Flowcharts Levels of Flowcharts Flowcharting Rules Advantages and Limitations of Flowcharts Pseudo code What is Pseudo code? Pseudo codes for Basic Logic (Control) Structures Sample Pseudo code Advantages and Limitations of Pseudo code COMPUTER LANGUAGES .......... ........ Analogy with Nature Languages Machine Language Advantages and Limitations of Machine Language Assembly Language Assembler Advantages of Assembly Language over Machine Language. Limitations of Assembly Language Typical Uses of Assembly Language Assembly Languages with Macro Instructions High-level Language Compiler Linker Interpreter Intermediate Language Compiler and Interpreter Advantages and Limitations of High-level Languages Object-Oriented Languages What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)? Fundamental Concepts of OOP Key Elements of Object-Oriented Paradigm Some High-level Languages FORTRAN COBOL BASIC Pascal. C and C++ Some More High-level Languages Java C# RPG LISP SNOBOL Characteristics of a (lood Programming Language Selecting a Language for Coding an Application Subprogram SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION Software Testing and Debugging What are Testing and Debugging? Types of Program Errors Testing a Program Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors Debugging a Program for Logic Errors Testing of Software Containing Many Programs Difference between Testing and Debugging Software Documentation What is Documentation? Need for Documentation Forms of Documentation Documentation Standard Software Deployment Changeover Operations Changeover Methods System Evaluation Software Maintenance OPERATING SYSTEMS What is an Operating System? Main Functions of an Operating System Measuring System Performance Process Management Process Management in Early Systems Multiprogramming Multitasking Multithreading Multiprocessing Time-sharing Memory Management Uniprogramming Memory Model Multiprogramming Memory Models Virtual Memory File Management File Access Methods File Operations File Naming Device Management Controlling I/O Devices Simple and Easy User Interface to I/O Devices ••••. Security Command Interpretation OS Capability Enhancement Software Translating Programs Library Programs Utility Programs Some Popular Operating Systems MS-DOS Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows NT Linux Points to Remember Questions APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES Word-Processing Package Commonly Supported Features Spreadsheet Package Commonly Supported Features Graphics Package Commonly Supported Features Personal Assistance Package Commonly Supported Features Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 16: BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING What is Data Processing? Data Storage Hierarchy Standard Methods of Organizing Data File-oriented Approach Database-oriented Approach File Management System File Types File Organizations File Utilities Database Management System Database Models
Main Components of a DBMS Creating and Using a Database Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 17: DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS Basic Elements of a Communication System Data Transmission Modes Data Transmission Speed Data Transmission Media Twisted-Pair Wire Coaxial Cable Microwave System Communications Satellite Optical Fibers Digital and Analog Data Transmission Modulation Techniques Modems Analog versus Digital Transmission Data Transmission Services Multiplexing Techniques Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission Synchronous Transmission Switching Techniques Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching Routing Techniques Network Topologies Star Network Ring Network Completely Connected Network Multi-access Bus Network Hybrid Network Network Types (PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, and WAN) Communication Protocols Roles of a Communication Protocol Concept of Layered Protocols in Network Design Network Interface Card (NIC) The OSI Model Example of Message Transfer in the OSI Model Internetworking Tools Wireless Networks Types of Wireless Computing Systems Issues in Wireless Computing Systems Wireless Applications Wireless Technologies Distributed Computing Systems Points to Remember Questions THE INTERNET Definition (What It Is?) Its Basic Services Electronic Mail File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Usenet News The World Wide Web (WWW) WWW Browsers Internet Search Engines Major Elements of Internet Search Engines Some Popular Internet Search Engines Uses of the Internet Points to Remember Questions : MULTIMEDIA What is Multimedia? What is a Multimedia Computer System? Multimedia Components Text Graphics Animation Audio Video Multimedia Applications Media Center Computer Media Center PC Features and Functionalities Points to Remember Questions CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Notebook Computers (laptops) Personal Computers (PCs) Workstations Mainframe Systems Supercomputers Client and Server Computers Handheld Computers Tablet PC PDA/Pocket PC Smartphone Electronic Mail File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Usenet News The World Wide Web (WWW) WWW Browsers Internet Search Engines Major Elements of Internet Search Engines Some Popular Internet Search Engines Uses of the Internet Points to Remember Questions MULTIMEDIA What is Multimedia? What is a Multimedia Computer System? Multimedia Components Text Graphics Animation Audio Video Multimedia Applications Media Center Computer Media Center PC Features and Functionalities Points to Remember Questions CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Notebook Computers (laptops) Personal Computers (PCs) Workstations Mainframe Systems Supercomputers Client and Server Computers Handheld Computers Tablet PC PDA/Pocket PC Smartphone